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Research has shown that exposure of mammalian cartilage and bone tissue to tuned magnetic fields modifies genetic regulation at a cellular level. PEMF therapy relies on modulation and resonance of weak metals (ions) such as Ca2+, K+, Li+, and Mg2+ which can be made to move at the sub-cellular level when exposed to magnetic flux. This NASA technology is a device and method for modifying genetic regulation of cartilage and bone in response to PEMF therapy and may serve as the basis for development of novel therapies for cartilage diseases. In initial studies, cultured human chondrocyte cells (HCH) from patients with early-stage osteoarthritis were exposed to PEMF stimulation using a variety of tuned electro-magnetic pulse characteristics such as flux magnitude, slew rates, rise and fall times, frequency, wavelength, and duty cycle. Waveforms used in testing were monophasic, bi-phasic, square, sinusoidal, and triangular in nature. Frequencies were generally low, ranging from 6-500 Hz, and the waveforms used high rising and falling slew rates on the order of Tesla/sec, promoting pulses or bursts. Cellular catabolic and anabolic gene expression analyses comprised of fold-change (in expression) were accomplished by a survey of 47,000 human genes using an AFFYMETRIX Gene Array. Results show that variation of waveform used in PEMF therapies, independent of flux intensity, influences genetic regulation of HCH from patients with early-stage osteoarthritis.

The Helmholtz Electric Machine addresses the fundamental challenge of integrating high-temperature superconductors into electric motor armatures through an innovative architectural approach. Unlike conventional motors where magnetic field orientation constantly shifts, this design uses two sets of magnetic field sources arranged as Helmholtz coils to generate a unidirectional magnetic field throughout operation. This configuration keeps the magnetic field aligned in-plane with the thin superconducting film, preventing the perpendicular orientation that causes excessive power losses. The reduction in armature power losses substantially eases the thermal management burden, making it practical to operate the armature at cryogenic temperatures required for HTS functionality. Predicted efficiency reaches 99.9%, representing a significant improvement over both conventional motors and non-HTS superconducting designs. An additional advantage of this motor architecture is its compatibility with liquid nitrogen cooling. The HTS materials operate at temperatures up to 77K, whereas competing superconductors require temperatures in the 20-35K range. Liquid nitrogen provides low-cost, high-performance cooling at 77K, but non-HTS superconducting motors must rely on liquid hydrogen (which poses safety concerns), costly helium gas, or experimental liquid neon. This operational temperature advantage reduces both complexity and operating costs for end users. The Helmholtz Electric Machine represents a breakthrough in superconducting motor design, combining unprecedented efficiency with practical cooling requirements to enable next-generation electric propulsion systems. The Helmholtz Electric Machine is available for patent licensing.